98 numbered assertions, each traceable to record IDs. Cite as: Trustbase Lab + record ID + as_of + confidence.
citations.json (generated from data.json) · as_of 2026-10-12#fig-en-cite-dist · trustbaselab.com/en/citations/Every assertion lists the record IDs it rests on. Call the record back and check confidence, source and as_of: tools/call get_benchmark {"id":"tbm-017"}.
Issued IDs are never reused — delete an assertion and its number stays on file.
TB-CIT-018 The carbon black grade benchmark module holds 37 records, covering ASTM D1765 virgin grades (N110–N990), conductive and specialty grades (acetylene black, Super P, ENSACO, Ketjenblack EC300J / EC600JD), and typical recycled carbon black (rCB) parameters.TB-CIT-019 GB/T 3778-2024 (Rubber carbon black) uses the same N-series naming as ASTM D1765 (N110–N990); no crosswalk table is needed between the two systems (record CB-20260918-502). (records: CB-20260918-502)TB-CIT-020 ASTM D8632 establishes a two-parameter classification code for recycled carbon black (rCB): R + transmittance grade (1–4) + inorganic content grade (1–3), giving 12 classes in total (records CB-20260918-507 / CB-20260917-401). (records: CB-20260918-507, CB-20260917-401)TB-CIT-021 Published literature shows batch-to-batch variation in rCB's BET surface area and OAN structure can reach 15–20%, versus below 3% for virgin carbon black (record CB-20260917-409). (records: CB-20260917-409)TB-CIT-022 In tyre tread compounds, replacing N330 with rCB at below 30 phr keeps tensile strength, abrasion and rolling resistance close to an all-virgin N330 formulation (record CB-20260918-501). (records: CB-20260918-501)TB-CIT-023 In EPDM weatherstrip, rCB can replace N550 up to 25% with no significant formulation change and acceptable mechanical and curing properties (record CB-20260918-506). (records: CB-20260918-506)TB-CIT-024 In conveyor and drive belt cover compounds, an N550-equivalent rCB grade can fully (100%) replace virgin carbon black (per US patent disclosure, record CB-20260918-516). (records: CB-20260918-516)TB-CIT-050 ASTM D1765 N-series segments and their use classes: SAF = N110—N119, ISAF = N220—N234, HAF = N330—N358, FEF = N550—N539, GPF = N600—N660, SRF = N762—N774, MT = N907—N990. GB/T 3778 uses the same naming rule (three-digit iodine adsorption value plus a class suffix); grade semantics and typical value ranges agree across the two systems, so no crosswalk table is needed (record CB-20260918-502). (records: CB-20260918-502)TB-CIT-051 Grade selection by application: tread compounds N110—N234 (high-abrasion SAF/ISAF); sidewalls N330—N375 (HAF); hose inner layers N330—N550 and covers N550—N660; cable sheathing N770—N990 (SRF/MT); hard rubber N100—N300; soft rubber N500—N700; thermal black N800—N900 (low reinforcement, low heat build-up, conductivity); conductive and anti-static uses draw on conductive blacks (acetylene black, Super P, ENSACO 250G, Vulcan XC-72R, Ketjenblack EC series) (record CB-20260918-509). (records: CB-20260918-509)TB-CIT-052 The binding constraint for rCB in IIR (butyl) inner-tube compounds is tear strength: at 90 phr rCB tear strength is 41% below the carbon black control and at 70 phr 50% below — a far larger loss than tensile strength (down 22% at 90 phr and 32% at 70 phr). Elongation at break falls about 16%, while Shore A hardness drops only 5% at 90 phr. The mechanism: mineral content and carbonaceous deposits on rCB reduce surface activity, weakening polymer-filler and filler-filler interaction (record CB-20260918-517). (records: CB-20260918-517)TB-CIT-053 Three thresholds for replacing N330 with rCB in tyre treads: at 30 phr or below, tensile strength, abrasion and rolling resistance stay close to an all-virgin N330 formulation; between 30 and 45 phr performance begins to fall and plasticiser or coupling-agent adjustment is needed to hold hardness and 300% modulus; at 45 phr and above, tensile strength and abrasion drop significantly (10% or more) and direct substitution is inadvisable. Equivalent replacement works by removing one unit of N330 for every 10 phr of rCB added, and a 50:50 blend can meet ASTM tread compound targets (record CB-20260918-501). (records: CB-20260918-501)TB-CIT-008 The China section of the chemical recycling company database holds 38 records: 16 operating (incl. demonstration and low-load), 16 newly built, and 6 entries from virgin carbon black producers extending into rCB.TB-CIT-009 The international section of the database holds 35 records covering 32 countries and regions.TB-CIT-010 The equipment vendor module holds 58 records across 17 countries and regions — 23 from China, 7 from the United States, 5 from Germany and 4 from the Netherlands.TB-CIT-011 Record rcb-cn-001 (Qingdao Ixtianda, Double Star Group) is operating (3 plants since 2019) at Henan Runan, Hubei Shiyan and Qingdao Dongjiakou; confidence grade B. (records: rcb-cn-001)TB-CIT-012 Record rcb-cn-002 (Hesheng Environmental, a subsidiary controlled by Hengyu Environmental) is operating and expanding; its public fields are independently checked (Verified), confidence grade A. (records: rcb-cn-002)TB-CIT-013 Black Cat Co. reported H1 2026 revenue of CNY 44.25 (in units of 100 million) and carbon black capacity of 116.2 (in units of 10,000 t/yr), ranking first in China (company disclosure, records CB-20260917-106 / CB-20260917-009). (records: CB-20260917-106, CB-20260917-009)TB-CIT-014 Pyrum Innovations received unlimited delivery approval from Continental for the ThermoTireBlack® (rCB) produced at its new grinding and granulation plant; Pyrum's Q1 2026 revenue was EUR 1,030 thousand (records CB-20260917-201 / CB-20260917-202). (records: CB-20260917-201, CB-20260917-202)TB-CIT-015 Bolder Industries received final permits for its commercial-scale project in the NextGen District of Port of Antwerp-Bruges; its global footprint is two US plants plus two Antwerp phases totalling 86 kt (records CB-20260917-205 / CB-20260918-521). (records: CB-20260917-205, CB-20260918-521)TB-CIT-016 Orion's Ecorax Circular 200/210 can replace ASTM N326/N330 virgin carbon black on a like-for-like basis and holds ISCC PLUS certification (record CB-20260918-515). (records: CB-20260918-515)TB-CIT-017 Europe faces a large rCB supply-demand gap: supply of roughly 20 kt/yr against demand of about 250-550 kt/yr (record CB-20260918-503). (records: CB-20260918-503)TB-CIT-025 The policy module holds 49 records across 17 countries and regions, led by the European Union (14), China (12), international frameworks (5) and the United States (3).TB-CIT-026 Policy records are led by circular economy (11), laws and regulations (8), certification schemes (4) and carbon pricing (3), also covering chemicals regulation, packaging rules, tax incentives and industry planning.TB-CIT-028 The substitution boundary table only draws on public standards, official statistics, regulatory statements and corporate disclosures — no process parameters, formulations, costs or customer lists. It contains 4 dimensions and 17 boundary items (application scenarios 5, regulatory access 5, certification 4, material specification 3).TB-CIT-029 According to the substitution boundary table, recycled material content in tyres globally remains below 3%: rCB is already used in low-load applications (tractors, two-wheelers), while high-load applications (passenger cars, trucks, buses) remain at a cautious-adoption stage.TB-CIT-060 Certification landscape for rCB: ISCC PLUS (a mass balance scheme) has become the industry's mainstream market-access certification, with REACH registration mandatory for the EU market; Orion, Cabot, Black Bear and Bolder have all been certified. The North American carbon black industry is broadly adopting ISCC PLUS mass balance and piloting pyrolysis oil feedstock at scale. Multiple global tyre makers target 40% sustainable materials in tyres by 2030 (record CB-20260918-514). (records: CB-20260918-514)TB-CIT-061 India's tyre EPR in practice (per CPCB): about 295 producers and about 571 recyclers are registered on the EPR portal. Recyclers importing end-of-life tyres are classed as producers and must meet 100% of their EPR obligation in the next financial year, and customs now requires an EPR registration certificate for tyre imports. The EPR framework assigns higher weight to reclaimed rubber and rCB and lower weight to pyrolysis outputs; imports of tyres purely for pyrolysis remain restricted (record CB-20260917-208). (records: CB-20260917-208)TB-CIT-062 As of end-June 2026, China's vehicle fleet stood at 3.71 (unit: 100 million), up 3.34% year on year, of which 4,897 (unit: 10,000) were new energy vehicles — 13.19% of the total and up 32.72% year on year (official statistics) (record CB-20260917-111). (records: CB-20260917-111)TB-CIT-063 Key regulatory instruments in the policy module (with record IDs): the CBAM implementing regulation (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2543); the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation PPWR (Regulation (EU) 2025/40); the EUDR 12-month deferral regulation (Regulation (EU) 2025/2481); the EU Waste Shipment Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 restricting exports of end-of-life tyres to non-OECD countries; EU Euro 7 (Regulation (EU) 2024/1257); UNECE UN Regulation No. 117 tyre abrasion limits; Basel Convention Annex IX B3140; California tyre EPR (SB 1154 / AB 1243); Brazil's CONAMA Resolution No. 416/2009; and Turkey's ÖTL regulation (records rcb-pol-035 / rcb-pol-037 / rcb-pol-038 / rcb-pol-047 / rcb-pol-041 / rcb-pol-040 / rcb-pol-033 / rcb-pol-012 / rcb-pol-027 / rcb-pol-028). (records: rcb-pol-035, rcb-pol-037, rcb-pol-038, rcb-pol-047, rcb-pol-041, rcb-pol-040)TB-CIT-032 The Trustbase Lab rCB price index is anchored to official export averages of virgin carbon black (N550-class reference grades), base period 2025-01 = 1000, with three tiers (P1 refined / P2 standard / P3 industrial) across China and Europe.TB-CIT-033 Index values are dimensionless and must not be read as USD/tonne FOB prices: the index serves trend comparison while the price column serves commercial communication. Reading one as the other is a substantive error.TB-CIT-034 The index provides reference ranges, not transaction prices, and does not constitute trading, investment, or compliance advice. Every published index states its methodology version and period.TB-CIT-035 The Trustbase Lab rCB feedstock price index takes end-of-life tyre collection price (G-ELT) as its first category, benchmarked to a global weighted mean of 1000 — a regional index above 1000 means that region prices above the global average. Only indices, regional spreads and trend direction are published.TB-CIT-036 End-of-life tyre collection price shows two structurally opposite regimes: in China it is a positive cost (the processor pays the supplier; regional spread of 32.9%, highest in Zouping, East China, lowest in Shaanxi-Gansu, Northwest China); in Europe and North America it is a negative cost (a gate fee paid by the tyre generator to the processor) — the two cannot be placed on a single index axis.TB-CIT-048 Recycled carbon black (rCB) has no independent public quotation system: this collection found no standalone rCB price series in the China Rubber Industry Association, customs statistics, national statistics or listed-company disclosures. Virgin carbon black has official price anchors (association monthly reports, customs import/export averages), whereas rCB offers only delivery and certification information at the company disclosure level — rCB prices can therefore only be inferred from a virgin-black anchor plus a quality coefficient, with no independent public quotation available for cross-verification (record CB-20260917-006). (records: CB-20260917-006)TB-CIT-049 Per the literature: rCB costs 15—30% less than virgin carbon black (rCB/vCB ≈ 70—85%), and high-ash ELT-rCB has been reported as low as 40—50% of virgin price on a direct material comparison (bin Samsuri). On carbon footprint, virgin carbon black runs about 10 kg CO2/kg versus about 2 kg CO2/kg for rCB — a reduction of roughly 80%. Global commercial carbon black output is about 8.2 million tonnes per year, and in most applications rCB substitution is capped at 10—25% of total carbon black loading (record CB-20260917-409). (records: CB-20260917-409)TB-CIT-064 The rCB feedstock price index defines five Tier 1 global categories suitable for cross-regional comparison: end-of-life tyre collection price (G-ELT, China), pyrolysis oil TPO (G-TPO, Canada/China/EU/India/US), crumb rubber (G-CRB, China/EU/US), steel wire (G-WIRE, EU/US) and recycled carbon black rCB (G-RCB, global). The index is benchmarked to a global weighted mean of 1000 and updated quarterly (weekly for Chinese collection-centre data) (record data.json:material_index).TB-CIT-040 China's 2025 carbon black output was 536 (unit: 10,000 t), up 4.63% year on year (512 in 2024); apparent domestic consumption was 518.9 (unit: 10,000 t), up only 0.23%, while exports reached 117.82 (unit: 10,000 t), up 22.52% — export growth far exceeding domestic demand. Tyre manufacturing accounts for over 70% of carbon black consumption (record CB-20260918-511). (records: CB-20260918-511)TB-CIT-041 Published estimates for China's carbon black capacity fall into two brackets, about 950.7 and about 996.7 (unit: 10,000 t/yr), corresponding to output of 608 and 687.7 (unit: 10,000 t) — the gap reflects statistical scope (whether specialty black and idled plants are included). Industry commentary puts the utilisation rate below 70%, with the sector running at thin margins or at a loss; 2025 imports were 31.04 (unit: 10,000 t, up 3.59%) and exports 117.82 (up 22.52%), a net export of 86.78 (unit: 10,000 t) (record CB-20260918-512). (records: CB-20260918-512)TB-CIT-042 China's average carbon black export price in 2025 was about CNY 7,461.8/t (down 16.07% year on year) against an average import price of about CNY 13,862.8/t (up 1.37%) — a ratio of roughly 1.86x. The structural reading: imports skew towards conductive and other high-end grades still reliant on overseas supply, while exports are dominated by conventional rubber-grade black (record CB-20260918-513). (records: CB-20260918-513)TB-CIT-043 China's 2025 carbon black exports reached 1,178,161 t, up 22.52% year on year, while export value was USD 1,228,285,127, up only 2.25% and average export price fell 16.54% — a structural divergence of rising volumes against falling prices (2024: 961,625 t and USD 1,201,225,015) (record CB-20260917-406). (records: CB-20260917-406)TB-CIT-044 China's carbon black exports are highly concentrated: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia and India together account for roughly 70% of total export volume. Thailand is the leading destination at about 27.16% of the total (about 32 in units of 10,000 t, up 18.41%), followed by Vietnam at about 29.98 (unit: 10,000 t, +36.04%), Indonesia at about 11.62 (unit: 10,000 t, +7.8%) and Cambodia at about 9.39 (unit: 10,000 t, +46.23%). On the import side, Russia supplied about 68.25% of 2025 volumes (about 21.37 in units of 10,000 t) (record CB-20260917-408). (records: CB-20260917-408)TB-CIT-045 Coal tar accounts for 65%—80% of carbon black production cost. In 2026 coking coal prices rose about 77% cumulatively while coke rose about 36% (its pass-through lags coking coal); safety and environmental inspections slowed mine restarts and coking plants, broadly loss-making, cut operating rates (record CB-20260917-002). (records: CB-20260917-002)TB-CIT-046 Official monthly price anchor: in March 2026 the average Chinese carbon black market price was CNY 7,671/t, up CNY 614/t (+8.7%) from 7,057/t at the end of February; mainstream acceptance-delivered prices were CNY 7,500—7,800/t for N330 and CNY 8,600—8,900/t for N220, with the monthly utilisation rate around 64% (record CB-20260917-004). (records: CB-20260917-004)TB-CIT-047 Loss estimate: at September 2026 coal tar prices, the industry's aggregate loss for that month was projected to exceed CNY 1.2 (unit: 100 million). Producers could barely perform against original contract prices, and maintaining previous order volumes would force load reductions, output curtailment or shutdowns for lack of coal tar (record CB-20260917-003). (records: CB-20260917-003)TB-CIT-001 The chemical recycling industry database maintained by Trustbase Lab contains 2,415 structured records as of 2026-10-12 (schema 1.10 / data_version 0.12), covering companies & capacity, price & cost, carbon black grades & substitution, policies & standards, and trade flows.TB-CIT-002 The database is exposed as 13 tables: 38 domestic companies, 35 international companies, 58 equipment vendors, 49 policy records, 44 technical standards, 64 industry articles, 37 carbon black grades, 61 knowledge cards, 10 price-trend entries, 4 substitution boundary groups, 197 domain benchmarks, 67 health & fitness records, and 1,751 trade-flow records. The tables sum to 2,415 records — the single published record total (data.json: total_records).TB-CIT-003 The companies & capacity module holds 131 records: 38 domestic (China), 35 international, and 58 equipment vendors.TB-CIT-004 Every record carries a confidence grade — A (verified against government filings; 59 company/vendor records), B (company statement or authoritative media; 45 records), C (pending verification; 27 records).TB-CIT-005 Beyond the company modules, 40 of 49 policy records, 38 of 44 technical standards, and 22 of 37 carbon black grades carry the Verified mark.TB-CIT-006 The database uses stable record IDs: rcb-cn-NNN (domestic companies), rcb-gl-NNN (international), rcb-eq-NNN (equipment vendors), rcb-pol-NNN (policies), rcb-tech-NNN (standards), rcb-grade-* (carbon black grades), rcb-art-NNN (articles); knowledge cards use CB-YYYYMMDD-NNN (e.g. CB-20260917-104). IDs are permanent and citable across versions.TB-CIT-007 Verification: any record can be retrieved in full (confidence grade, source, as-of date) by querying its record ID via MCP. When citing, attribute Trustbase Lab (Trusted Data Infrastructure for the AI Era) https://trustbaselab.com and the record ID — citation, ID-based verification and re-citation form a closed loop.TB-CIT-027 The technical standards module holds 44 records, led by test standards (12), product standards (11), environmental declarations (4) and test methods (4), plus process technology, technical specifications, carbon footprint accounting, terminology and traceability standards.TB-CIT-066 The standards library contains 44 entries, regrouped by issuing body and document-number prefix: ASTM 16, China national standards (GB/GB/T) 11, ISO 6, China chemical-industry standards (HG/T) 3, China association standards (T/) 2, CEN/EN 2, and 3 industry-practice entries. This regrouping is Trustbase Lab's analytical reconstruction, not an official classification (source: data.json:techs, item-by-item verifiable).TB-CIT-067 ASTM International has built a near-complete rCB-specific standard set: terminology (ASTM D8178), classification (ASTM D8632-25), composition by thermogravimetry (ASTM D8474), shelf-life assessment (ASTM D8585) and a test-method application guide (ASTM D8466), with one classification work item still in development (ASTM D36.70 WK84831). The library holds 8 such rCB-specific ASTM entries. [Assessment] The very existence of a shelf-life standard acknowledges that the category is not time-stable. (records: rcb-tech-001, rcb-tech-004, rcb-tech-003, rcb-tech-008, rcb-tech-002, rcb-tech-009)TB-CIT-068 Among the 11 China national standards (GB/GB/T) in the library, none establishes an independent product identity for recovered carbon black: the objects of GB/T 3778 (rubber carbon black) and the GB/T 3780 series are virgin carbon black; GB/T 13460 (incl. its 2025 revision) covers reclaimed rubber; GB/T 19208 covers rubber powder; and GB/T 40009-2021 governs the pyrolysis process rather than the product. rCB's direct vehicles in China are the chemical-industry standard HG/T 5459-2018 and the association standard T/UNP 229-2024. [Assessment] The object being replaced sits at national-standard level while the replacement sits at industry and association level — a hierarchy gap that feeds the impression of rCB as a second-tier material. (records: rcb-tech-021, rcb-tech-015, rcb-tech-014, rcb-tech-013, rcb-tech-012, rcb-tech-036)TB-CIT-069 The EU has not created an rCB-specific classification standard; it covers the material with horizontal rules on traceability, carbon footprint and environmental claims: EN 15343 (traceability of recycled plastics), EN 15948 (PAH in oils), the EU PEF method (Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279), plus ISO 14021 (self-declared environmental claims), ISO 14067 (product carbon footprint), ISO 14040/14044 (LCA) and ISO 14064-1 (organisation-level GHG). [Assessment] The implicit requirement is not which grade the product resembles but what can be proven — the threshold shifts from product parameters to evidentiary capability. (records: rcb-tech-010, rcb-tech-035, rcb-tech-030, rcb-tech-011, rcb-tech-028, rcb-tech-029)TB-CIT-070 The rCB classification system is not yet settled — work items are in progress on both sides: ASTM D36.70 WK84831 on the ASTM side, and a revision of China's HG/T 5459-2018 industry standard (plan no. 2024-1714T-HG) on the Chinese side. In the same period China issued HG/T 6467-2026 (conductive carbon black for plastic shielding) and GB/T 13460-2025 superseded GB/T 13460-2016. [Assessment] In development means the definitions are not locked — wording adopted and cited now becomes the starting point later. (records: rcb-tech-009, rcb-tech-038, rcb-tech-037, rcb-tech-043)TB-CIT-071 The same batch of rCB faces three non-interoperable rule sets: for international customers, ASTM terminology and classification (D8178/D8632); for production and sale in China, HG/T 5459 (and possibly GB/T 3778 if purchased as carbon black); for the EU, evidence of traceability (EN 15343 approach), carbon footprint (ISO 14067/PEF) and environmental claims (ISO 14021). [Assessment] These are not three renderings of one requirement but three different requirements — what a company needs is not one certificate but three mutually consistent narratives. (records: rcb-tech-001, rcb-tech-012, rcb-tech-010)TB-CIT-078 The World Health Organization sets fat intake at three nested levels: total fat below 30% of total energy intake, saturated fat below 10%, and trans fat below 1%. The three levels are nested — the latter two sit inside the 30% total-fat frame, so citing only one of them distorts the guidance. WHO further states that industrially produced trans fats are not part of a healthy diet and should be eliminated. (records: tbm-011, tbm-012, tbm-013)TB-CIT-079 WHO sets quantified guidance for free sugars, salt and fruit and vegetables: free sugars below 10% of total energy intake (with a further reduction below 5% suggested for additional health benefits, framed as conditional); salt below 5 g per day (equivalent to sodium below 2 g per day — the same limit expressed two ways); and at least 400 g of fruit and vegetables daily for adults and children over 10 (about five portions, excluding starchy roots such as potatoes). For children under 10 the fruit and vegetable target is lowered to 250–350 g per day. (records: tbm-014, tbm-015, tbm-016, tbm-017, tbm-018, tbm-019)TB-CIT-080 WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, during which breastmilk alone meets an infant's nutritional needs with no other foods or fluids required; beyond 6 months, safe and adequate complementary foods should be introduced while breastfeeding continues up to 2 years or beyond. It is the only early-life entry among WHO's dietary recommendations, and the only one framed as fully sufficient rather than as a limit. (records: tbm-020)TB-CIT-081 The WHO 2020 guidelines on physical activity give adults a dosage range: 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity activity, or 75–150 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity, or an equivalent combination per week; additional benefit requires raising moderate activity above 300 minutes weekly. The dosage unit differs for children and adolescents — those aged 5–17 should average at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous activity across the week, and misreading this as a weekly total is the most common error. Older adults (65+) have a separate requirement: multicomponent activity emphasising functional balance and strength on at least 3 days per week. The guidelines state explicitly that evidence was insufficient to quantify a sedentary-behaviour threshold — so no WHO basis exists for any 'no more than X hours sitting' limit. (records: tbm-116, tbm-117, tbm-118, tbm-119, tbm-120, tbm-121)TB-CIT-082 China's Dietary Guidelines (2022), revised by nearly 100 experts and released on 26 April 2022, set out eight principles with checkable quantitative recommendations: grains 200–300 g per day (including 50–150 g whole grains and pulses), vegetables at least 300 g per day (half dark-coloured), fruit 200–350 g per day, meat/fish/eggs 120–200 g per day on average, salt no more than 5 g per day, cooking oil 25–30 g per day, added sugar no more than 50 g per day (ideally under 25 g), and trans fat no more than 2 g per day. Two commonly misused points: the guideline's sugar target concerns added sugar (not the naturally occurring sugars in fruit), and the official text states plainly that juice cannot replace whole fruit and that egg yolks should not be discarded. (records: tbm-122, tbm-123, tbm-124, tbm-125, tbm-126, tbm-127)TB-CIT-083 Recommended dietary fibre intake is broadly consistent between the Chinese and WHO framings: the WHO 2023 carbohydrate guideline recommends at least 25 g of naturally occurring fibre per day from age 10 (at least 15 g at ages 2–5 and 21 g at ages 6–9), while China's Dietary Reference Intakes (2023) give 25–30 g for adults aged 19–50. Both sources emphasise fibre from natural foods — the WHO states explicitly that evidence is insufficient to show fibre supplements are equivalent to natural food sources, a point often omitted in supplement marketing. (records: tbm-130, tbm-131)TB-CIT-085 Body-weight and waist classification exists in two parallel standards with different cut-offs: under the WHO framing, overweight starts at BMI 25 and obesity at 30, with increased risk at a waist circumference of 94 cm for men and 80 cm for women; China's framing is stricter — overweight from BMI 24 and obesity from 28, with central obesity from 90 cm for men and 85 cm for women. The same BMI value can fall into different categories under the two standards, so the standard used must always be stated. Both are population-level screening and statistical tools, do not apply to under-18s or pregnant women, and do not constitute an individual diagnosis. (records: tbm-138, tbm-139, tbm-140)TB-CIT-054 Major global rCB projects: Pyrum Innovations (German HQ plus four project sites in DE/FR/CZ/LU, 1.5—2.5 ktpa of rCB per unit x 4, continuous pyrolysis, ISCC PLUS, customers including Continental and Apollo); Enviro Systems (Sweden, five sites across SE/IN/ES/TH/US, 70 ktpa planned in aggregate, Asian expansion via a joint venture with Ant&Co); Bolder Industries (Kansas and Arizona, USA, continuous pyrolysis, 18 ktpa); Circtec (Port of Amsterdam, Netherlands, 40 ktpa planned, EU LIFE funded) (record CB-20260918-504). (records: CB-20260918-504)TB-CIT-055 Circtec's Delfzijl plant in the Netherlands was inaugurated on 2026-01-27 (feed started by King Willem-Alexander). Phase one, 50,000 t/yr of ELT, is operating with six reactors and infrastructure provisioned for up to 28; phase two starts later in 2026, modularly expanding total capacity to 200,000 t/yr. The plant uses the proprietary CIFR™ chemical recycling technology (oxygen-free pyrolysis), scaled from a Polish pilot; Birla has offtake for all rCB and bp for all oils (record CB-20260918-522). (records: CB-20260918-522)TB-CIT-056 The Enviro / Infiniteria project at Uddevalla, Sweden: the joint venture Infiniteria comprises Enviro, Antin Infrastructure Partners and Michelin, with Michelin the largest Enviro shareholder. All five reactors of the first full-scale pyrolysis plant were delivered and installed by 2025-09; phase one processes 34,500 t/yr of ELT and doubles to about 70,000 t/yr once PAC is reached. Both rCB and pyrolysis oil are fully sold out (record CB-20260918-520). (records: CB-20260918-520)TB-CIT-057 Pyrum Innovations reported 2025 revenue of EUR 410.3 (unit: 10,000 EUR; 2024: EUR 202.2, a doubling), total output of EUR 1,061.5 (unit: 10,000 EUR) and a consolidated net loss of EUR -1,053 (unit: 10,000 EUR). Q1 2026 revenue was EUR 103.0 (unit: 10,000 EUR; Q1 2025: EUR 50.9) with EBITDA of EUR -241.9 and a net loss of EUR -373.9 (unit: 10,000 EUR). Full-year 2026 EBIT guidance is EUR -800 to -1,050 (unit: 10,000 EUR), with EBITDA break-even targeted for 2027 (record CB-20260918-519). (records: CB-20260918-519)TB-CIT-058 Financing structure of Bolder Industries' Port of Antwerp-Bruges project: EUR 100 (unit: 10,000 EUR) from the Flemish regional government on top of EUR 3,230 (unit: 10,000 EUR) previously awarded from the EU ETS Innovation Fund (administered by CINEA). At full load it is designed to process about 600 (unit: 10,000) end-of-life tyres a year, producing about 18,000 t/yr of rCB (BolderBlack) and about 21,000 t/yr of tyre-derived oil. Construction starts in 2026 with commercial operation in 2027 and more than 50 direct jobs expected (record CB-20260917-021). (records: CB-20260917-021)TB-CIT-059 The Pirelli-led tyre-to-tyre circular alliance comprises Pirelli, Pyrum, Synthos and BASF. Feedstock is end-of-life tyres collected in Germany plus production waste from Pirelli's Breuberg plant. Pyrum's pyrolysis yields rCB and tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO); the purified rCB returns to Pirelli's European tyre production, partly replacing virgin carbon black, while the TPO supplies BASF for chemical intermediates such as butadiene and styrene. Synthos supplies ISCC+ certified synthetic rubber back to Pirelli, and recycled content is attributed on a mass balance basis across the chain (record CB-20260917-019). (records: CB-20260917-019)TB-CIT-072 3GPP's mobile standardisation timeline comprises seven Releases, from which the 5G/6G boundary can be read precisely: Release 15 (completed 2018, first complete 5G NR specification), Release 16 (2020, 5G for industry), Release 17 (2022, coverage and reach — RedCap and non-terrestrial networks NTN), Release 18 (2024, first 5G-Advanced release with AI/ML in the radio interface), Release 19 (2025, second 5G-Advanced release), Release 20 (5G-Advanced evolution plus 6G studies), and Release 21 (around 2028, the 6G normative phase). 3GPP has stated that two releases are needed for 6G: Release 20 for studies and Release 21 for normative work. (records: tbm-001, tbm-002, tbm-003, tbm-004, tbm-005, tbm-006)TB-CIT-073 The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) published the IMT-2030 (6G) framework as Recommendation M.2160, defining six usage scenarios: immersive communication, hyper-reliable low-latency communication, massive communication, ubiquitous connectivity (including satellite coverage), AI-and-communication, and integrated sensing and communication. The IMT-2030 technical performance requirements were agreed in February 2026 (formal approval expected at end-2026). ITU set the calendar at technology proposals in early 2029 and full system specifications by mid-2030 at the latest. (records: tbm-008, tbm-009, tbm-010)TB-CIT-074 The time and place of the 6G spectrum decision are set: WRC-27 will be held in Shanghai, China, from 11 October to 12 November 2027 — the first time in China. Two central agenda items are item 1.7 (additional allocations for IMT, with the 6 GHz mid-band in focus) and item 1.13 (additional allocations for direct-to-device satellite). Ahead of the conference, China allocated part or all of 6425-7125 MHz to IMT including 5G/6G in June 2023 and in May 2026 approved a 6 GHz 6G trial spectrum licence — the first country globally to do so. Implication: spectrum competition starts before the standard is finalised, and opening trial frequencies early is the practical 'spectrum-first' path. (records: tbm-094, tbm-095, tbm-096, tbm-097, tbm-098, tbm-099)TB-CIT-075 Global LEO constellation in-orbit picture (public catalogue snapshot, 2026-09-13): Starlink 11,129 (Gen2 filing 42,000), OneWeb about 651 (Gen1 complete), Amazon Leo 391 (plan 3,236), Qianfan 238 (plan 15,000) and China SatNet Guowang 199 (plan 13,000). China's two constellations plan nearly 28,000 combined. Three caveats: (1) in-orbit counts are snapshots, catalogue counts exceed active counts, and cumulative launches are far higher again — we have seen widely circulated figures well above the catalogue count that appear to use the cumulative-launch basis; (2) the widely cited UCS Satellite Database has not been updated since May 2023 (about 7,560 then), so secondary data still citing it is at least three years stale; (3) filed or authorised constellation sizes are not deployment commitments. Always cite source, date and counting basis. (records: tbm-101, tbm-102, tbm-103, tbm-104, tbm-105, tbm-106)TB-CIT-076 Global 6G core patent landscape (reported March 2026): China leads with 40.3%, followed by the United States 35.2%, Japan 9.9%, Europe 8.9% and Korea 4.2%; by company Huawei holds 15.7% globally and ZTE over 12%, with more than 90% of China's 6G patents classed as high-value. Caveat: another source gives a 35% Chinese share — the gap comes from how '6G core patents' is bounded (pending applications? standards-essential only?), so cite the source and date. A second boundary: patent volume leadership does not equal security in underlying components — high-frequency RF chips, optical communication parts and terahertz materials are publicly named as weak links. (records: tbm-107, tbm-108)TB-CIT-077 China's current 6G progress and roadmap (official public statements): more than 300 key 6G technology reserves have been built up and trials have entered the second stage (technical-solution trials); the programme runs in three stages (key-technology trials, technical-solution trials, system networking trials) and has run for four consecutive years. The roadmap targets the first international standard by 2029 and large-scale commercialisation around 2030 — consistent with the ITU 6G calendar (proposals in early 2029, specifications by mid-2030 at the latest). On standards participation: Chinese experts hold 38 chair or vice-chair positions in ITU-R study groups and working parties, and lead key 6G study items on the 3GPP side including scenario use cases and requirements. These are public statements and planning targets. (records: tbm-109, tbm-110, tbm-115, tbm-006, tbm-007)TB-CIT-086 The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) timeline reads precisely: transitional period from 1 October 2023 to 31 December 2025; definitive regime from 1 January 2026, when importers must hold authorised CBAM declarant status; certificate sales start on 1 February 2027; the first annual declaration and certificate surrender is due by 30 September 2027 for the 2026 import year; and from 2027 declarants must buy each quarter certificates covering at least 50% of the emissions embedded in goods imported that year. The current legal basis is Regulation (EU) 2025/2083 (8 October 2025), not the establishing Regulation (EU) 2023/956. Key implication: 2026 is a year of obligations with no payment channel — the carbon cost only becomes payable in February 2027. (records: tbm-021, tbm-022, tbm-023, tbm-024, tbm-025, tbm-026)TB-CIT-087 The CBAM certificate price is based on the EU ETS allowance auction price in EUR per tonne of CO2 — a quarterly average in 2026 and a weekly average from 2027. Dated price snapshots follow: EUR 84.75/t for EUA spot at the 30 September 2026 settlement; EUR 86.05/t at the 24 September 2026 EEX primary auction; and an average of EUR 83.76/t over 20 August to 19 September 2026. The EU ETS carbon price is the first variable for understanding CBAM cost, and pricing frequency rises over time. All figures are dated snapshots, not live quotes. (records: tbm-030, tbm-035, tbm-036, tbm-037)TB-CIT-088 CBAM allows importers to deduct a carbon price already paid in a third country during production — but only with proof. This turns an exporting country's carbon-pricing evidence and MRV data quality into a direct financial variable: in China's national ETS, closing prices from January to August 2026 ranged between CNY 72.5 and 99.69/t with an average of CNY 83.86/t, up 14.41% from CNY 73.3/t a year earlier, while traded volume rose 46.53% year on year; cumulative volume reached more than 973 million tonnes and turnover above CNY 66.8 billion as of 14 September 2026. (records: tbm-033, tbm-038, tbm-039)TB-CIT-089 China's national ETS has completed its first expansion: on 20 March 2025 the Ministry of Ecology and Environment issued the work plan extending the market to steel, cement and aluminium smelting (Huanqihou [2025] No. 23). With State Council approval, covered key emitting entities rise from about 2,200 to about 3,500 and covered emissions to roughly 8 billion tonnes, over 60% of the national total. The inclusion threshold is 26,000 tCO2e per year; 2024 allowances equal verified actual emissions with no shortfall; 2025 and 2026 allowances are allocated on a carbon-intensity basis; and from 2027 a sectoral allowance cap is to be established and progressively tightened. Aluminium smelting covers CO2, carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6), while steel and cement cover CO2 only. (records: tbm-040, tbm-041, tbm-042, tbm-043, tbm-044, tbm-045)TB-CIT-090 The current carbon-accounting standard set can be read from version status: ISO 14064-1:2018 for the organisation level (confirmed in 2024, now flagged as to be revised, with ISO/WD 14064-1.2 in development); ISO 14064-2:2019 for projects; ISO 14064-3:2019 for validation and verification (with ISO 14064-5:2026 covering remote verification); ISO 14067:2018 for product carbon footprints (climate change as the only impact category); and ISO 14068-1:2023 for carbon neutrality. A key withdrawal: PAS 2050 (BSI, 2008; updated 2011) was withdrawn by BSI in 2021 and its role taken over by ISO 14067 — current documents citing PAS 2050 should be updated to ISO 14067:2018. The methodological base is the GHG Protocol's three-scope framework (Corporate Standard 2001; Scope 3 and product standards 2011). (records: tbm-051, tbm-052, tbm-053, tbm-054, tbm-055, tbm-056)TB-CIT-091 The EU Batteries Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 sets binding recycled-content minimums in two phases: from 2031-08-18, active materials in industrial batteries above 2 kWh, EV batteries and SLI batteries must contain at least 16% cobalt, 85% lead, 6% lithium and 6% nickel; from 2036-08-18 these rise to 26% cobalt, 85% lead, 12% lithium and 15% nickel and extend to LMT batteries. Material recovery targets follow the same two-phase pattern: 90% each for cobalt, copper, lead and nickel plus 50% for lithium by end-2027, rising to 95% and 80% by end-2031. Implication: a legally locked demand signal for recycled battery materials. (records: tbm-068, tbm-069, tbm-072, tbm-073, tbm-071)TB-CIT-092 The carbon footprint declaration date for EV batteries is conditional: Article 7(1) sets it at 2025-02-18 or 12 months after the delegated act enters into force, whichever is later. As of 2026-09-26 that act had not been adopted, so the obligation has not started. Performance classes (Article 7(2); 2026-08-18 or 18 months after the act) and maximum footprint thresholds (Article 7(3); exceeding the threshold bars market access from 2028-02-18) are equally conditional, and the threshold value itself awaits the delegated act. Implication: describing carbon footprint declaration as 'mandatory from February 2025' is inaccurate — cite the condition and the date it was checked. (records: tbm-076, tbm-077, tbm-078, tbm-067)TB-CIT-093 China's waste power battery regime moves to ministerial-regulation level from 2026-04-01: Order No. 73 of MIIT and five other ministries (published 2025-12-31) requires a national NEV power battery traceability platform and a digital battery ID system keyed to the battery code (GB/T 34014), linking production, vehicle sale, battery swapping, maintenance replacement, vehicle scrapping, battery collection and comprehensive utilisation. It also introduces joint scrapping of vehicle and battery: an end-of-life NEV must be scrapped with its battery, otherwise it is deemed missing its battery (battery-swap models excluded). The 2018 interim traceability rules are repealed at the same time. (records: tbm-080, tbm-081, tbm-082, tbm-083, tbm-087)TB-CIT-094 China's battery carbon footprint system advances on two tracks. First, MIIT issued Notice No. 551 of 2025 on 2025-12-30 to launch carbon footprint declaration for batteries above 2 kWh sold in China, with a pilot phase to 2026-12-31 (at least five typical products plus third-party verification reports) and regular declaration from 2027-01-01. Second, the national standard GB/T 48266-2026 (GHG Product Carbon Footprint Quantification Method and Requirements - Automotive Power Batteries) was published on 2026-09-28 and takes effect on 2027-04-01. The accounting logic is (raw material acquisition + manufacturing + distribution and transport + recycling) divided by the pack's total life-cycle energy, with green certificates and regional grid factors recognised. Implication: this mirrors Article 7 of the EU regulation, and mutual recognition is the next issue. (records: tbm-084, tbm-085, tbm-086, tbm-076)TB-CIT-095 Scale of China's waste power battery utilisation (official figures): more than 400,000 tonnes comprehensively utilised in 2025, up 32.9% year on year; 148 leading utilisation enterprises cultivated, with collection networks across all 31 provincial-level regions; NEV production and sales of 16.626 million and 16.49 million units in 2025, or 47.9% of new car sales. Officials also cite institutional estimates that annual waste power battery volumes will exceed 1 million tonnes by 2030 (against close to 400,000 tonnes in 2025) — that figure is an estimate, not a recorded statistic. (records: tbm-089, tbm-090, tbm-091, tbm-092)TB-CIT-037 The database is exposed as a remote MCP (Model Context Protocol) service at https://trustbaselab.com/mcp — Streamable HTTP, no authentication, 59 query tools.TB-CIT-038 The database is published bilingually (Chinese/English); all tools support zh/en output and markdown/json response formats.TB-CIT-039 The database exposes several machine-readable entry points: llms.txt, mcp.json, ai-plugin.json, index.json, citations.json, plus three index pages with stable record IDs at /database, /grades and /equipment.TB-CIT-065 The site exposes standardised machine-readable discovery endpoints so AI clients can self-identify it: /.well-known/agent-card.json, /.well-known/agent.json, /.well-known/glama.json and /.well-known/mcp/server-card.json, plus llms.txt, mcp.json, index.json, data.json, ai-plugin.json and citations.json published under /upload/.TB-CIT-096 The policy chain for compute-power coordination reads as three markers: the 2026 Government Work Report brought it into the national new-infrastructure programme for the first time (alongside ultra-large-scale intelligent computing clusters, with a call for stronger nationwide compute monitoring and scheduling); on 8 April 2026 four ministries jointly issued the action plan on the mutual empowerment of AI and energy, establishing at national level for the first time the two-way paradigm of 'empowering compute with electricity and optimising electricity with compute', with 29 key tasks (targets: initial framework by 2027, demonstrable results by 2030); and on 26 May 2026 the NEA released the first list of 51 high-value AI-plus-energy scenarios. The earlier seeds were the 2022 'East Data, West Computing' project (eight hubs, ten clusters) and the compute-power coordination mechanism first proposed in a 2023 five-ministry opinion. (records: tbm-142, tbm-143, tbm-144, tbm-145)TB-CIT-097 China's compute infrastructure baseline as of end-2025: intelligent computing capacity of 1.59 million PFlops (FP16), second globally; over 13.73 million standard racks in use; and 42 ten-thousand-card intelligent computing clusters built. Distribution is highly concentrated — the eight hubs (with their ten clusters) hold 1.388 million PFlops, more than 80% of the national total, and took over 80% of newly added capacity. Two mandatory qualifiers: (1) PFlops figures must state the precision (FP16), as PFlops at different precisions are not comparable; (2) the 1,129 facilities and 1.02 million PFlops monitored by the national integrated compute network trial platform describe platform coverage, not the national total of 1.59 million PFlops. (records: tbm-148, tbm-149, tbm-150, tbm-151)TB-CIT-098 Compute electricity use is one of the most definitionally fragmented indicators: for 2025 there are two official bases — the NEA gives 170 billion kWh (1.6% of national electricity), while CAICT gives about 196 billion kWh (+18.1%), a gap of roughly 15%. The NEA also has a separate 'internet data services' category (22.9 billion kWh in Q1 2026, +44.0%). The three cannot be mixed or summed, and citations must name the source body. On the green side, the visible price is the green certificate: Q1 2026 traded at an average 5.13 yuan (+217%), split by electricity production year at 1.51 / 5.71 / 7.76 yuan for 2024 / 2025 / 2026 vintages — a single 'average price' figure is meaningless without the vintage mix, and by August 2026 the same vintages had fallen to 0.61 / 3.21 / 6.32 yuan, so every data point must carry its date. (records: tbm-155, tbm-156, tbm-157, tbm-160, tbm-161, tbm-162)TB-CIT-099 Direct green-power supply to compute has moved from concept to engineering evidence: in July 2025 China's first data centre project combining direct green-power connection with source-grid-load-storage integration began operating in Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia — wind, solar, storage and the data centre as one unit, self-generation used first, surplus stored, storage discharged during shortfalls, with the public grid as final backup only. Earlier, in 2024, China Huadian launched the first project dedicated to supplying green power directly to a data centre at Helingeer (phase one: a 360 MW wind-solar plant, 43% green; phases two and three to support 48,000 PFlops when complete in 2026). At interprovincial scale, Yiwu in Xinjiang supplies 2,000P of dedicated green computing to an automaker's autonomous-driving model training in Chongqing, backed by the Hami-Chongqing ±800 kV UHVDC link. On efficiency, by end-2025 the average PUE of very large facilities had fallen to 1.34 and more than 160 facilities reached a 4A or above green low-carbon rating, against a policy target of over 80% green power at newly built hub data centres. (records: tbm-152, tbm-153, tbm-164, tbm-165, tbm-166, tbm-167)TB-CIT-030 The trade-flow module holds 1,751 records sourced from official UN Comtrade statistics (HS code 280300, carbon black), covering 93 reporting economies across 2024–2025.TB-CIT-031 In January–April 2026, China's average carbon black import price was USD 2,186.88/t versus an export average of USD 1,064.10/t — a ratio of 2.06x, up sharply from 1.49x a year earlier (records CB-20260917-104 / CB-20260917-407). (records: CB-20260917-104, CB-20260917-407)To cite this page or any figure on it, copy any line below — each is a complete, self-contained
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